Advantages of wired and wireless media

Wireless media

1. Transmitting data over geographically diverse area
2. Far away places connection
3. For Many users

Wired media

1. Data security
2. Better network connection
3. No electromagnetic interference
4. Dedicated line syatem

Services of Network

Services of network

1. File service : upload and download file
2. Printing services : printing documents
3. Message services : sending and receiving emails and messages
4. Application services: software as service like esewa, khali, Google docs
5. Data base services: database sharing
6. Telnet service : remote login and team viewer
7. Web services: information sharing in web page and websites as if between two apps in a network

Types of Computer Network

Here we will discuss about types of computer network on the basis of their sizes. And the types are as follows:

1. LAN (LOCAL AREA NETWORK)
2. WAN (WIDE AREA NETWORK)
3. MAN (METROPOLITAN AREA NETWORK)
4. CAN (CAMPUS AREA NETWORK)
5. HAN ( HOME AREA NETWORK)

LAN 

LOCAL AREA NETORK

• Covers small area
• Mainly used for sharing  resource in offices or organizations
• Features

1. Limited for a short distance
2. Owned by a single organization
3. Data transmission rate is faster
4. It generally uses wired transmission media.

 MAN

METROPOLITAN AREA NETWORK

• Covers a district or a whole country
• Can be made by connecting LANs of different locations
• Uses both wired and wireless transmission media
• Features

1. Larger than LANs
2. Wired or wireless or both
3. Owned by a single or multiple organization
4. Data transmission rate slower than LAN
5. E.g.. telecom, traffic CCTV

WAN

WIDE AREA NETWORK

• largest computer network
• Not limited to a geographical location
• Interconnection of Network through out the world
• E.g.. internet
• Features

1. Large area 
2. Data transmission rate is slowest
3. Owned by multiple public organizations
4. Wireless communication 
5. Cheaper and easier

जुनेली रातमा जब म जुन हेर्छु

( गुरुहरू प्रति समर्पित )

जुनेली रातमा जब म जुन हेर्छु

तब मेरो मनमा तरह तरहका भावनाहरू उत्पन्न हुन थाल्छन् 

अनि सोच्छु,

"आहा, जुन त कति राम्रो है,

यस्तो अन्धकारमा पनि सारा पृथ्वीमा उज्यालो छरी रहेछ,

एक्लै यो सारा संसारमा प्रकाश पारी रहेछ

आहा, जुन त कति राम्रो है"

मन यस्तै सोची रहन्छ

अनि फेरी सोच्न थाल्छु

"जुन भन्दा पनि बढी प्रकाश छर्ने केही छ होला र?"

अनि दिन पार्ने सूर्यलाई सम्झन्छु

"एँ, अ त सूर्य त झनै चम्किलो हुन्छ नि है "

अनि फेरी विज्ञान सरले पढाएको सम्झन्छु 

"सूर्यभन्दा पनि धेरै ठुला र चम्किला ताराहरू हुन्छन् रे

तिनले धेरै प्रकाश गर्छन् रे "

अनि फेरी तिनैलाई मान्छु धेरै प्रकाश छर्ने चिज 

तर मन अझैँ सोचिरहन्छ अरू नै केही छ कि भनेर 

आखिर मन त हो रोक्न नै कहाँ सकिन्छ र?

अनि बल्ल मेरा मनमा आउनुहुन्छ सबै भन्दा बढी प्रकाश गर्नेवाला

मेरा गुरू

अनि उहाँलाई एकचोटी कोटी कोटी नमन व्यक्त गर्छु

मनैभरी उहाँप्रति श्रद्धाको भावना भरिएर आउँछ

अनुहारमा मुस्ककान छरिएर आउँछ

भित्रैबाट सम्मानको भावना जागेर आउँछ

मेरा गुरू प्रति

जब म जुनेली रातमा जुन हेर्छु

जुनेली रातमा जब म जुन हेर्छु

जुनेली रातमा जब म जुन हेर्छु

मेरा आँखा अगाडी झलझली मेरा गुरू आउनुहुन्छ

अनि म जुन हेर्छु

फेरी गुरू सम्झिन्छु

फेरी म जुन हेर्छु

फेरी गुरू सम्झिन्छु

अनि मनमनै गुरूलाई भन्छु

"गुरू,

हुन सक्छ यो जुन नभए,

अहिलेको यो जुनेली रात निष्पट्ट 

अन्धकार हुन्थ्यो होला,

तर हजुर नभए त दिन र रात दुवै अन्धकार हुन्थे नि गुरू,

गुरू,

यो जुन त अहिलेको समय रमाइलो बनाएर भोली बिहान लुकेर गईहाल्छ गुरू,

तर हजुरले दिएको ज्ञान त सधैँ उपयोगी रहिरहन्छ गुरू,

गुरुका बारेमा यस्तै भावनाहरू मनमा उत्पन्न भई रहन्छन्

जब म जुनेली रातमा जुन हेर्छु

जुनेली रातमा जब म जुन हेर्छु

जुनेली रातमा जब म जुन हेर्छु

गुरुलाई सेतो चक र कालो डस्टर लिई 

एउटा काखिमा किताब च्यापी

कक्षामा प्रवेश गर्दै गरेको सम्झन्छु

फेरी जुन हेर्छु

गुरू सम्झिन्छु

जुन हेर्छु

फेरी गुरू सम्झिन्छु

गुरू,

हामीले त हजुरलाई कहिल्यै राम्ररी हेरेनौँ

जहिल्यै गाली गर्नुहुन्छ भनेर मात्र सम्झियौँ

तर हजुरले हामीलाई कहिल्यै ज्ञान दिन छाड्नुभएन गुरु

आफू जलेर भएपनि हामीलाई उज्यालोमा राखिरहनु भयो

नयाँ कुरा सिकाइरहनु भयो

ज्ञानको प्रकाश छरीरहनु भयो

तपाईलाई कोटी कोटी नमन छ गुरू

अनि अनायासै मेरा हात जोडिन्छन्,

शिर झुक्छ,

अनि गुरुलाई मनैदेखि नमस्कार गर्छु

जब म जुनेली रातमा जुन हेर्छु

जुनेली रातमा जब म जुन हेर्छु

जुनेली रातमा जब म जुन हेर्छु

अनि गुरू देख्छु

फेरी जुन हेर्छु

फेरी गुरू देख्छु

जूनमा गुरूको अनुहार मुसुक्क मुस्कुराएको देख्छु

अनि देख्छु,

 "ओहो, सर हजुरका गाला त कुप्रिसकेको रहेछन्"

तर हजुरले हामीलाई कहिल्यै नकुप्रिने ज्ञानको

मल र जलले गोडमेल गर्नुभयो,

हुर्काउनुभयो, बढाउनुभयो

तब त म आज यसरी आफ्नै खुट्टामा उभिन सफल भए नि गुरू

गुरू,

हजुरले त म जस्ता हजारौँ विद्यार्थीको जीवनमा

उज्यालो छर्कनुभयो नि गुरू,

अनि जुन चम्किलो कि हजुर नि गुरू,

गुरू,

सूर्यको प्रकाश समेतले त उर्वर भूमिमा मात्र बिरुवा हुर्काउँछ

तर हजुरले त

हजारौँ सुक्खा जमिनलाई बगैँचा

बनाइदिनु भएको छ गुरू

अनि सुर्य चम्किलो कि हजुर नि गुरू

फेरी त्यो जुनमा गुरुको तस्वीर झल्झल्ती

आँखा अगाडी आईरहन्छ

अनि फेरी आँखा चिम्लेर गुरुलाई एकचोटी

ढोग गर्छु ।

त्यस पछि मनै त्यसै त्यसै हर्षित भईरहन्छ

ओठ त्यसै त्यसै मुस्कुराइरहन्छन्

चन्द्रमामा गुरुको मुस्कुराहटसँगै

मन रमाइरहन्छ

जब म जुनेली रातमा जुन हेर्छु

जुनेली रातमा जब म जुन हेर्छु

जुनेली रातमा जब म जुन हेर्छु

Natural Cause of Climate Change

Most climate changes are caused by very small changes in earth's orbit. A change in orbit can change the amount of energy our planet receives from the sun. 

Bandwidth

Bandwidth

• Data in digital computer system is represented in the form of bit ( binary digit).
• The amount of data ( amount of bits) that can be transmitted through a communication channel) during specific period of time is Bandwidth.
• The bandwidth in digital system is measured using the units bps (bits per second).
• Similarly, larger units are: 

                    Kbps: kilobits per second

                    Mbps: Megabits per second

• The bandwidth in analog system are measured using the unit hertz.

                      KHz: Kilo Hertz

                      MHz: Mega Hertz

                      GHz: Giga Hertz

• Some notes: 

Cable internet service (750MHz to 1000 MHz or 1 GHz)

Similarly, DSL and Satellite have high bandwidth connection

Note: Mb/s stands for Megabits per second

Whereas mb/s stands for millions of bits per second

Limited broadcasting and Direct broadcasting

Limited Broadcasting

This type of broadcasting allows you to send stream of packets to devices on the network cluster on which you residue.

Direct Broadcasting

This type of broadcasting allows you to send stream of packets to devices over the other network.

For more information about other types of casting, click below.

Different types of casting with examples and explanation

Differences between simplex and duplex mode of data transmission

Differences between Simplex and Duplex mode of data communication

S.N.	Simplex mode	Duplex Mode
1	It provides only one way communication.	It provides two way communication.
2	We cannot get feedback from the receiver in this mode of communication.	Receiver can get feedback about whether successful transmission has happened or not in duplex mode of communication.
3	It is cheaper in comparison.	It is costlier as it needs two separate channels for sending and receiving data.
4	It is comparatively slower as receiver has to wait for sender to finish the transfer of data as data transmission can only happen alternately.	It is faster as data transmission is simultaneous

For more information on simplex and duplex mode of communication click below:

Modes of data communication with explanation and examples

And click on the home icon below for my all blogs

And I generally post blogs on course materials and some of my creative writings. Hope you will enjoy it.

Casting and it's types:- Unicast, Multicast and Broadcast

Casting

Casting is a variety of function that transmit or convert data.

These are three types of casting as given below:-

1. Unicast
2. Multicast
3. Broadcast

Unicast

Unicast is the term used to describe communication where a piece of information is sent from one point to another point where there is just one sender and one receiver . A unicast transmission is always meant for one receiving address. 

Some examples are:-

1. Radio and TV communication
2. Browsing a Website ( Webserver is the sender and your computer is the receiver)
3. Downloading a file from a FTP server ( FTP server is the sender and your computer is the receiver. )

Multicast Transmission

Multicast Transmission is both "one to many" and "many to many" technique which sends information from a single source to as many destinations as one expresses a specific interest in receiving it. 

Multicasting is the networking technique of delivering the same packet simulataneouly to a group of clients. 

It is useful if a group of clients require a common set of data at the same time. 

The majority of installed LANs (e.g.. ethernet), shared LANs (using hubs/repeaters),etc. support multicast transmission mode.

Example of multicast transmission mode are 

Multicast Windows Deployment Services (WDS)

OS Deployment traffic

UP TV, etc.

Broadcast Transmission

Broadcast transmission is the term used to describe communication where a piece of information is sent from one point to all other points. 

In this case, there is just one sender, but the information is sent to all connected receivers. 

Broadcast Transmission simultaneously transmits the same information to all nodes on a network. 

In Broadcast, there is only one sender and the data is sent only once. 

But the broadcast dat is delivered to all connected devices.

Broadcast communication is supported on most LANs (e.g.. Ethernet) and may be used to send the same message to all computers on the LAN.)

Television signals sent from a public network to viewers across the country or globe are the simple examples of broadcast transmission. 

Other examples:

ARP request message

DHCP DISCOVER Message

Broadcasting are also of two types:

1. Limited broadcasting 2. Direct broadcasting

Please click on the items to know about them.

Data transmission modes

Data transmission Modes

The way in which the data are transmitted from one location to another is called data transmission mode.

Simplex Mode

This mode allows data to transfer in only one way in only one direction. 

1. In simplex mode, data are transmitted in only one direction on the data communication medium.

2. A terminal can either send data and cannot receive it or it can only receive data but cannot send it

3. It is the cheapest communucation medium.

4. Transmission of data is not confirmed.

5. For e.g.. television, radio broadcasts, etc.

Half Duplex Mode

• In this mode, data can be transmitted in both directions but only in one direction at a time.
• During transmission of Data, one of the terminals is the transmitter and the other is receiver.
• Direction of data communication is reversed each time for sending and receiving data
• Transmission of the data can be confirmed.
• For e.g.. email, fax

Full Duplex Mode

• Data can be transmitted in both directions simultaneously at the same time
• It is the fastest mode of transmitting data as no time gets wasted in switching direction.
• Transmission of the data can be confirmed.
• E.g.. landline, mobile phones & computer

Similarly some other modes of data transmission are:-

TDD (Time Division Duplex)

FDMA ( Frequency Digital Multiple Access)

TDMA

CDMA

Higher level money exchange questions

Questions

1. It is given that £1 is equal to Rs. 155.63. If 2% commission should be paid to exchange Rs  500000 into Pound sterling, how much pound sterling can he receive? Find it.

Solution:

Let the exchange amount be X.

Commission amount =

= 2% of X

= 2/100 ×X

= X/50

By question, 

X/50 +X =500000

Or, 51X=500000×50

Or, X=490196.07 £

Amount of pound sterling received= 

=490196.07/155.53

=3149.75 £

Money exchange practice questions with answers

1. Using the rate of Rs. 110 per US dollar, calculate the US Dollars for RS. 11000.

Solution:

Given:

1$=Rs. 110

Rs 11000=X$

Using chain rule,

Or, 1×11000=110×X

Or, 11000/110=X

Or, X=100$

.•. Rs. 11000=100$

2. If 1000 yen=Rs.984 then convert 550000 yen into Rupees.

Solution:

Given:

Rs. 984=1000yen

550000=Rs. X

Using chain rule,

Or, 984×550000=1000×X

Or, 984×(550000/1000)=X

Or, 984×550=X

.•. X= Rs. 5,41,200

3. If 1 Swiss Franc=Rs 108.33 then find the Swiss franc for Rs. 32499.

Solution:

Given:

1 Swiss franc =Rs.108.33

Rs. 32499= X Swiss Franc

Using chain rule,

1 Swiss franc × Rs 32499=Rs. 108.33 × X Swiss Franc

Or, 32499/108.33= X

Or, X=300 Swiss Franc

Now there are some practice questions for you.

Answer key:

Concept of health , population and environment education

Health, population and environment education is a multidisciplinary subject.

The subject matter related with various aspects of human  life becomes the scope of this subject.

There are different aspects of this subject as given below.

1. Physical Aspect: It includes natural and man made things, natural physical aspects like air, water, temperature, soil, rocks, etc. As well as buildings, bridges, roads, hospitals, industries, schools, etc. These physical aspects have a great influence on human life and their survival.

2. Biological Aspects

Various aspects of health, population and environment are influenced by the biological factors of the environment. The degree of quality of life is determined by the richness of biological resources of that place. Besides that, biological aspect contributes to maintain sound health and keep the environment clean and healthy.  It helps to improve living standard of the people through proper utilization of the biological resources in various sectors like agriculture, industries, trade and other socioeconomic sectors.

3. Sociocultural aspect

People have created social and cultural norms, values as well as rules and regulations. Social customs, traditions, rituals, festivals, and religious practice are some examples of sociocultural aspects. Different aspects of health, population and environment are interrelated with sociocultural aspects. The customs, festivals, religious practices, food habits and way of living affect the health and environment.

4.Economic Aspect

The economic aspect is directly related with various aspects of Health, population and environment. All areas of health, population, and environment will be adversely affected by the poor economic condition of the nation. All kinds of economic activities depend upon the environment. For e.g.. It helps to boost the economic status of the family, community and the nation. On the other hand, poor economic condition spoils the health and productivity of the people.

5. Science and Technological aspect

Science and Technology are the outcomes of human innovation. They are the significant means of the development process. It has made the world a small place and human life productive and comfortable. There is unbelievable development in the field of medicine, Communication, transportation, education or conservative sectors with the utilization of benefits .

6. Political aspects

It includes the plans and policies launched by the high political level or administration. Political will and honesty help to improve the condition of Health, population and environment of the nation.

7. Psychological aspect

It represents the feeling, attitude, understanding and behaviour of the individuals and they are directly related to health, population and environment education. Programs and policies cannot be effective until and unless people are willing to participate from their heart. 

Now here is question for you.

Q. Introduce the different aspects of health, population and environment education in short.

MODEM

As we know computer can only understand digital signals and analog signals pass through the Medium. So there needs a converter and that is MODEM.

MODEM generally have two works.

1.Modulation

Digital->Modulation->Analog

2.Demodulation

Analog-> Demodulation->Analog

So lets talk about them in detail now.

Modulation

Modulation is the process of converting digital to analog in any form like Amplitude, Phase or Frequency.

E.g..

1. AM

It stands for Amplitude Modulation. Here digital signals are converted to analog signals and it is used in Radio.

2. FM

It stands for Frequency Modulation. And it is also used in Radio.

3.PM

It stands for Phase Modulation.

Demodulation

Demodulation is the process of converting analog signals from the Medium into digital form.

But nowadays we don't see use of modem in many of the places. It's because IC is doing the work of modem these days.

Such encoding and decoding can also be seen in fiber optic cable.

Electrical-> Light-> Electrical

For more information about telecommunication and data communication, visit my other blogs.

Components of data communication

1. Message

2. Sender

3. Receiver

4. Medium or communication channel

5. Encoder or decoder ( modem/ media converter)

6. Protocol

Sender->encoder<--message-->Decoder->Receiver

Now let's give a brief introduction to each of them.

Message: text, number, picture, sound , video, etc. can be a component of message

Sender: It is the transmitter or source. A sender can be a computer, telephone, or video camera

Receiver: It is also called sink. Human, computer, telephone set, printer or fax machine all are receivers.

Medium: It is the path or communication channel through which data is transmitted from one place to another either through wired or wireless.

Encoder and Decoder: An Encoder is a device that converts the active data signal into a coded message format. However, a Decoder performs inverse operation of the Encoder and thus converts the coded input into original data input.

Data communication and computer network

Communication

Communication is an act of exchanging information.

Data communication

It is the process of transferring data/information in different forms like text, images, sound, video, animation, etc. From sender to receiver. e.g. 

1. Data sent from processor to printer

2. Emails

3. SMS ( Short Message Service)

4. MMS( Multimedia Message Service)

5. Phone calls

6. Server Client communication

7. Video Conference

These data are transferred through transmission media.

Online class question paper

Vidhyodaya English Secondary Paper

Grade:IX Online Test FM:40

Subject: Mathematics PM:12

Time:1hr

---

Section A "Easy questions" 6×1=6

1. If U={1,2,3,........19,20} and A={x : x is a prime number from 6 to 20}, Find set A' (A complement).

2. What is the intersection of disjoint sets?

3. If A={a,b,c,d,e} and B={a,e,i,o,u}, Find set AUB.

4. If n(AUB)=10, n(B)=5, Find find n(B'). {B complement}

5. If 5% tax is levied on a good of Rs. 100. Find tax amount.

6. Solve: x²×x³

Section B 'Medium difficulty' 6×2=12

1. In a group of 200 dancers 135 of them like to dance in folk somgs and 150 like to dance in hippo songs. By drawing a Venn-diagram, Find

(i) how many people like both the songs?

2. After levying 25% Tax, the price of a Radio becomes 125. Then find its price before levying tax.

3.In a survey of 900 students In a school, it was found that 600 students liked tea, 500 liked coffee and 125 did not like both drink. Then using formula,

(i) Find the number of students who like both drinks.

4. Solve the given questions using law of indices.

(i) (9)³ × (27) ² × (81) ^-4

(ii)(25)² ÷ (125) ⁴ 

5. If the 5% Tax on a  price of a good is 255, Find the price after levying tax.

6. Do the triangles with same perimeter have same area. Explain your answer with logic.

Section'C' 'Difficult' 4×3=12

1. In a group of 150 people, 65 like tea only and 60 like milk only. If each people like at least one of the two drinks,

(i) How many people like both drinks?

2.In a survey of 300 students, it was found that 45% of them like football, 60% like cricket and 15% of them like non of the games. If there are 60 students who like both games, Find the number of students who participated in the survey.

3. A shopkeeper sells a article by giving 10% discount and  then sells at Rs.375. Now find the MP of the article.

4. (i)Find the value using the law of indices.  ((16)^0.5)^3/2 

Section 'D' #challenge 2×5=10

1. If 

n(only A)=1/5 of U

n(A')=16

n(B)=60% of U

n(AUB')=8

n(A intersection B)=?

2. If a-1= 2^2/3 + 2 ^1/3, Find the value of a³ - 3a² - 3a

Online class Question Paper

 Vidhyodaya English Secondary School

Grade:X Online Test FM:40

Subject: Mathematics PM:12

Time:1hr

---

Section A "Easy questions" 6×1=6

1. If U={1,2,3,........19,20} and A={x : x is a prime number from 6 to 20}, Find set A' (A complement).

2. What is the intersection of disjoint sets?

3. If A={a,b,c,d,e} and B={a,e,i,o,u}, Find set AUB.

4. If n(AUB)=14, n(B)=5, Find n(only A).

5. If 5% tax is levied on a good of Rs. 185. Find tax amount.

6. What is the area of a isosceles triangle with base 'b' and height 'h'.

Section B 'Medium difficulty' 6×2=12

1. In a group of 250 music lovers 135 of them like folk songs and 150 like modern songs. By drawing a Venn-diagram, Find

(i) how many people like both the songs?

(ii) how many people like only one song?

2. After levying 25% Tax, the price of a Radio becomes 7500. Then find its price before levying tax.

3.In a survey of 900 students In a school, it was found that 600 students liked tea, 500 liked coffee and 125 did not like both drink. Then using formula,

(i) Find the number of students who like both drinks.

(ii) Find the number of students who did not like tea.

4. Find the area of a scalene triangle with side 6, 8 and 10 cm.

5. If the 5% tax on a price of a good is 255, Find the price after levying tax.

6. Do the triangles with same perimeter have same area. Explain your answer with proof.

Section'C' 'Difficult' 4×3=12

1. In a group of 150 people, 65 like tea only and 60 like milk only. If each people like at least one of the two drinks,

(i) draw a Venn diagram to illustrate the above information.

(ii) How many people like both drinks?

(iii) How many people like tea?

(iv) How many people like milk?

2.In a survey of some students, it was found that 45% of them like football, 60% like cricket and 15% of them like non of the games. If there are 60 students who like both games, Find the number of students who participated in the survey.

3. A shopkeeper sells a article by giving 10% discount and then levying 10% VAT, then sells at Rs.375. Now find the MP of the article.

4.If a equilateral triangle has area of 16sqrt3. Then find its one of the side.

Section 'D' #challenge 2×5=10

1. In a survey, one fifth youths like cell phone only and 16 did not like cell phone at all 60% youths like camera but 8 like none of them.

Then how many youths like both the things.

2. If the height of an equilateral triangle is 5cm more than the length of its one of the side. Then find the length of each side of the equilateral triangle.

please do not only program your child to be *successful* but *teach them how to handle failures as well*.

I want to request all the parents through this write-up, please do not only program your child to be *successful* but *teach them how to handle failures as well*. 

A case of Family Suicide

Anuj was a very brilliant young boy, he always scored 100% in Science and Maths subjects. He got selected for IIT and scored excellently well in IIT. He went to the reputed University in US for higher studies on scholarship. Got a very high paying job in US on completion of MS & settled there. Married to a Beautiful Girl of his own choice. Bought a 5 room big house and 2 luxury cars. In short he had everything that made him feel successful but ......... he committed suicide after shooting his wife and children very recently. One of our common friend asked me what really went wrong in the life of Anuj????? 

Through my personal contacts I studied his case and tried to find out “what really went wrong?”* I contacted Anuj’s friends and family through email and found that he lost his job due to American economic crisis due to sudden outbreak of Pandemic and lockdown he had to sit at home without a job for almost two months. After even spending his previous job’s salary amount, he could not get any job. Then he could not pay his house loan installments so he and his family lost the house. They survived a few months with less money in their account and then he and his wife together decided to commit suicide. He first shot his wife and child and then he shot himself. 

After my frequent probing in this case I could conclude that Anuj was only programmed for *success* by his parents but was not *trained for handling failures*. 

Based on the case narrated above the actual question, which I have tackled here in this write-up is, what are the habits of highly successful people and what are the survival skills one can cultivate to prevent failures? 

1:The best success habit to impart among our children is getting trained for handling failures. First of all, I want to tell you all that if you have achieved everything, there is a chance to lose everything, nobody knows when the next crisis will hit you personally or the world at large. I want to request all the parents through this write-up, please do not only program your child to be *successful* but *teach them how to handle failures as well*. No doubt learning high-level science and maths will help them to clear competitive exams but a sound tested and tried knowledge about life’s practical situations will enhance their survival skills and help them to face every problem in life.

 2:Teach them about how *money works* instead of teaching them to *work only for money*. Help them in finding their passion in life because their educational degrees alone will not help them to survive in the crisis situation rather their practical skills will take them in along way. Additionally, we don’t know when the next crisis will hit the world. 

3:"Success is a awful teacher and Failure teaches you more." This pandemic is triggering lot of mental health issues. There is a possibility of *mental health pandemic* in every country before this pandemic is over from the globe. Point Prevalence of mental illness is 10% but this pandemic may push it two to three times more because of various reasons like isolation, quarantine, loss of relationship, loss of loved ones, loss of work, financial hardship, family problems etc ....

Since yesterday the entire country is mourning the Suicide of a talented actor Sushant Singh Rajput, who had carved a niche for himself in Bollywood by delivering back to back stunning performances, had come a long way in his career which had started on the small screen. Suddenly why he felt like ending his life abruptly is another question which comes to our mind again with an answer that somewhere he had lesser Survival Skills to tackle the difficulties if any of his life? 

At the end I wish to state here that we don't live in bungalows, duplexes or flats. We live in our 'MIND' which is an unlimited area. Life is great when things are sorted and uncluttered there. Keeping the mind messy with hatred growing, regrets piling up in corner, expectations boiling, secrets stuffed and worries littered everywhere ruins this real home. The key factor to performing well in life and in every arena, is the ability to control the quality and quantity of your “internal dialogue”. Performance is potential minus internal interference. Live in peace, not in pieces. 

Dr. S H Kochargaonkar

Psychologist & Counsellor

मानव संसाधन

कुनै सङ्घसंस्थामा वा एकल भौतिक वा मानसिक रूपमा काम गर्ने जनशक्ति जो सँग केही गर्ने सीप, दक्षता वा शिक्षा छ चाहे त्यो दक्ष, अर्धदक्ष वा अदक्ष नै किन नहोस् यसैलाई नै मानव संसाधन भनिन्छ । मानव संसाधनले कुनै पनि कामका लागि आवश्यक पर्ने सामान्य तथा प्राविधिक मानव स्रोतलाई बुझाउँछ । यसले सामान्य कामदारदेखि उच्च तथा दक्ष प्राविधिकसम्मका मानव जनशक्तिलाई समेट्छ ।डाक्टर, इन्जिनियर, शिक्षक, प्रशासक, कर्मचारी, वकिल, व्यापारी, नर्स, ड्राइभर, किसान, डकर्मी, सिकर्मी, नकर्मी जस्ता हरेक मानव संसाधन मानव जीवनमा र देश विकासमा अत्यन्तै खाँचोका विषय हुन् । कुनै एकको कमीले सारा प्रणालीमै समस्या पर्दछ ।

यतिमात्र नभएर हरेक स्रोत र साधन जस्तै प्राकृतिक स्रोत र भौतिक पुर्वाधार आदि सबैको सदुपयोग मानवबाटै हुने भएकाले मानव संसाधनलाई सबैभन्दा महत्त्वपूर्ण स्रोतको रूपमा पनि लिन सकिन्छ । प्राकृतिक स्रोतलाई विकास र निर्माणका कार्यमा उपयोग गरेर उन्नति र प्रगति गर्न सक्ने स्रोत पनि मानव नै हुन् ।

यसैगरी मानव संसाधन प्राकृतिक स्रोतको उपयोगमा मात्र नभएर प्राकृतिक स्रोतको विकल्पको रूपमा पनि प्रयोग गर्न सकिन्छ जसरी जापान, कोरिया र सिङ्गापुरले गरेका थिए । त्यस्तै भौतिक पुर्वाधारको उपयोग, उत्पादन वृद्धि, आर्थिक वृद्धि, प्रविधिको विकास, कृषि र उद्योगमा उन्नति र देशकै आर्थिक अवस्थाको सुधार र समृद्धिमा पनि यसले अत्यन्तै ठुलो टेवा पुर्याएको हुन्छ ।

यसरी देशको आर्थिक, सामाजिक, सांस्कृतिक र वैज्ञानिक उन्नतिका लागि मानव संसाधन अपरिहार्य रहेको हुन्छ ।

लक्ष्मणका विचारमा रावणको दुर्दशाको हुनुको कारण के हो ?

=>                    नैतिक विधि र विधान सम्बन्धि उक्त सानो कथा विद्यार्थीहरूमा केही शिक्षा र दीक्षा दिने हेतुले रामायणबाट उद्धृत गरिएको हो। उक्त उद्धृतांशले परापुर्वकालदेखी नै चलिआएको "जस्तो कर्म गर्यो उस्तै फल मिल्छ " भन्ने वेद र वाणीलाई विद्यार्थीहरूमाझ छर्लङ्ग पनि पारेको छ । हुन पनि हो, आजसम्मको इतिहासमा सत्य र असलमाथि असत्य र खराबले कहिल्यै विजय हात पार्न सकेको छैन । कथाले पनि लक्ष्मणका विचारमार्फत विद्यार्थीहरूलाई खराब काम गरे त आफ्नै दुर्दशा हुने रहेछ भन्ने विचार विमर्श गरेको छ ।

                      कथामा रावण खलनायक पात्रका रूपमा उभिएका छन् र उनका आफ्नै कुकर्मले उनलाई विनाशको मार्गमा डोर्याउँछन् । युद्ध सकिएपछिको रात लक्ष्मण यसै विषयमा सोच्दै हुन्छन् । उनको मनमा रावणको दुर्दशा हुनुका विभिन्न कारणहरू एक पछि एक उत्पन्न हुन थाल्छन् जसकारण उनी निदाउन पनि सकिरहेका हुदैनन् । उनलाई लाग्छ," मान्छेले खराब काम कहिल्यै गर्नुहुँदो रहेनछ । आफूसँग बढी ज्ञान र सीप छ, आफू प्रतिभावान् छ भनेपनि यदि मान्छेले बढी अहङ्कार गर्छ भने, मै हुँ भन्छ भने, अरूले तपाई भनोस् नभनोस् आफैँ मपाई भन्छ भने र अरूको श्रीसम्पत्ति हडप्ने तिर लाग्छ भने उसको विनाश पक्का रहेछ ।" लक्ष्मण अझैँ सोच्छन् ,"रावण ठुलै विद्वान र ज्ञानी हुन् । उनी युगकै वीर र वैज्ञानिक पनि हुन् । उनले ठुलै विद्या हासिल गरेका थिए । उनले आफ्नो देशमा ठुलै विकाश पनि गरेका थिए । तर के गर्ने उनमा संसारमा म भन्दा ठुलो कोही छैन भन्ने घमण्ड भयो । लोभ, लालचा बढ्यो, सीतालाई अपहरण गरे । अझ पछि विभीषणले सम्झाएका पनि रहेछन् तर रावणले भने विभीषणलाई कुल द्रोही भनेर गाली गर्न समेत पछि परेनन् । आखिर बुद्धि बिग्रिएकालाई कसले पो सम्झाउन सक्छ र ? अनि खराब मार्गमा लागेकालाई मृत्युको मुखबाट बचाउन पनि सकिदो रहेनछ । आखिर सकिने भए विभीषणले आफ्नै दाजुसँग किन पो युद्ध गर्थे होला र ? यसरी रावणको आफ्नै अहङ्कार र घमण्डले डोर्याएको कुकर्मको परिणाम स्वरुप उनको सारा वैभव, शक्ति र जीवनसमेत समाप्त भयो ।"

                   यसरी लक्ष्मण रावणको उच्च अहम् भावना र अहङ्कार अनि मै हुँ भनेर अर्काको श्रीसम्पत्ति हडप्ने जालझेल नै रावणको दुर्दशाको कारण मानिरहेका थिए । र अन्त्यमा उक्त उद्धृतांशले हामी विद्यार्थीहरू माझ कहिल्यै पनि आफूमा अहङ्कारको भावना नराख्ने र अरूलाई पनि ठेस नपुर्याउने वा ठेस पुग्ने कुनै पनि काम नगर्ने अत्यन्तै गहन र नैतिकवान् सन्देश दिएको छ ।

(क) लक्ष्मणका विचारमा रावणको दुर्दशा हुनुको कारण के हो?

=>               नैतिक विधि र विधान सम्बन्धि उक्त सानो कथा विद्यार्थीहरूमा केही शिक्षा र दीक्षा दिने हेतुले रामायणबाट उद्धृत गरिएको हो। उक्त उद्धृतांशले परापुर्वकालदेखी नै चलिआएको "जस्तो कर्म गर्यो उस्तै फल मिल्छ " भन्ने वेद र वाणीलाई विद्यार्थीहरूमाझ छर्लङ्ग पनि पारेको छ । हुन पनि हो, आजसम्मको इतिहासमा सत्य र असलमाथि असत्य र खराबले कहिल्यै विजय हात पार्न सकेको छैन । कथाले पनि लक्ष्मणका विचारमार्फत विद्यार्थीहरूलाई खराब काम गरे त आफ्नै दुर्दशा हुने रहेछ भन्ने विचार विमर्श गरेको छ ।

                   कथामा रावण खलनायक पात्रका रूपमा उभिएका छन् र उनका आफ्नै कुकर्मले उनलाई विनाशको मार्गमा डोर्याउँछन् । युद्ध सकिएपछिको रात  लक्ष्मण यसै विषयमा सोच्दै हुन्छन् । उनको मनमा रावणको दुर्दशा हुनुका विभिन्न कारणहरू एक पछि एक उत्पन्न हुन ध

थाल्छन् जसकारण उनी निदाउन पनि सकिरहेका हुदैनन् । उनलाई लाग्छ,"

I don't think child should start working from young age

I strictly agree with this point child should not start working from young age.

In this lockdown, we just started the vegetable selling. At first I was really interested. Then slowly and gradually, it began to fade away. Every morning carry vegetable to a selling spot then again when sunshine carry it to sunshade again when sun sets, carry it to original spot and again at night carry it to home. 

That's not all

There were more than eight carets and going to and fro to the shop and back in such a hot place like kohalpur how much terrible it would have been

I really hate it

Again

The story does not end here

In every morning going to market with cycle carrying a carret 

Where my dad would be following me 

then after that me slowly riding bicycle with my father holding the back seat of the cycle and slowly slowly reaching home with my buttock pressurized upon the seat for a long time what the hell

And that is also not for one time

 going to the same market for 5 times for different things and sometimes even more than that what the hell to my buttock

I Spent almost one and A quarter hour in that in the morning   what the hell to my time

And so I am not getting enough time to read in the morning 

What the hell to my studies

That is not end still

Always eating bad fruits (though I eat good one) anything that gets damaged needs to be eaten by ourselves mom says they cost. And so once a lot of carrot got unsold but our family could not throw because they cost na. Lil sis used it to make carrot halwa and the result was father suffering from diarrhoea.  What the hell to his stomach

The story still has long to be told

Few days before I used to eat meal at 7 and slept at around quarter to nine but today my sis and mom just return at 9.30 prepare at 10  eat up to 10.15 and sleep at quarter to eleven .and at morning i used to rise up at 7 but now quarter to five because vegetables truck come at that time . My eleven and half hours sleep has reduced to 7 hours. 4 and half an hour less    what the hell to my sleep

Ohh hell or even worst than hellll    I am fed up with all these please give me a solution

Feeling sad 😭😭😭😭😭😭😭😭😭 with sudip rokaya and 124 others

#toallclass10family

Function

Function

Function is generally defined as 

' If each and all element of set A is connected with the unique elements of set B i.e  not to more than one then it is a function. 

One to one function

A function from A to B is said to be a one to one function if different elements of set A are mapped with different elements of set B i.e. no any two elements of Set A are mapped with the single element of Set B.

Bijective Function

A function from A to B is said to be a bijective function if the function is one to one and also onto function.

Function

Function

Function is generally defined as 

' If each and all element of set A is connected with the unique elements of set B i.e  not to more than one then it is a function. In a function it is not compulsory that all elements of set B are connected; we call this relation as function.'

One to one function

A function from A to B is said to be a one to one function if different elements of set A are mapped with different elements of set B i.e. no any two elements of Set A are mapped with the single element of Set B.

Bijective Function

A function from A to B is said to be a bijective function if the function is one to one and also onto function.

Function and it's types

Function

Function is generally defined as 

' If each and all element of set A is connected with the unique elements of set B i.e  not to more than one then it is a function. In a function it is not compulsory that all elements of set B are connected; we call this relation as function.'

When to color a bar diagram?

Sir,

I just surfed through the google almost for half an hour in different websites to find out whether it is necessary to color or not in a bar diagram after social class was over. I observed many bar diagrams given there and made a analytical study in it. I observed what type of bar diagrams are colored and what type of bar diagrams are not. I went almost through 50+ diagrams which led me through the notion that there are two different situations even in a simple bar diagram in which one of which begs to be colored and another hates to be colored.

The colouring of a bar diagram depends on the data type. 

If all the items on which the data is taken are of same type, then we apply it with same color but if data is taken among different samples the we apply it with different colors. If you are feeling this explanation vague, go through the given example.

For e.g.. if we are  dealing with population size of different countries. Then all our data is no. of humans. All the data is same, just no. of humans. So, in such bar diagrams, we can apply with the same colouring. All the boxes in the same color.

Similarly, for the income of different people, all the data is the amount of money earned. So we can color all the same. None it to make different colorings. Same for the expenditure as well, If we are making bar diagram on "expenditures in different sectors " all the data collected is the amount of money expended. So we can color all boxes by same color.

For more clarifications, you can observe the given bar diagrams:

We saw that, in the given data all had the same data types . In first one, only no. of humans and in second one only amount of money. So all were colored the same.

But then when to color different. 

If the condition is like no.of different fruits in a market. Here the data differs.

Here are different fruits. We are counting no. of different different fruits. The data collecting items are different. So that's not the same as previous one. And so we apply here with different colors. And also if possible give the index in such cases. You can look at the given bar diagram for more clarification.

  

But what if the condition was counting no. of Apples produced in different areas.

Here the data collecting item is same everywhere, we are just counting the no. of apples. And hence we use the same color in the every box.

SO I THINK THAT'S A  WELL KNOWN WAY OF COLORING A BAR DIAGRAM.

But still, that's only my view after the analytical study of the various data's given in the Google. And this notion satisfies the  presentation of  the data available in the Google. 

AND FINALLY THANKS FOR GOING THROUGH THE WHOLE CONTENT

AND PLEASE DROP YOUR VIEW IN THE COMMENT SECTION BELOW

⬇️⬇️⬇️⬇️⬇️

Socio-economic condition of state no. 3

Bagmati Province

State no. 3 (Bagmati Province) is one of the seven provinces of Nepal with Hetauda as it's provincial headquarter . The province is home to country's capital Kathmandu and it's mostly hilly and mountaineous.

Talking about its socio-economic condition, this province has well developed economy and is mainly inhabited by bhotes and Sherpas in the Himalayan region, and by Newar, Brahmin, Chhetri, Rai, Limbu, Tamang, Chepang, Majhi, Dasnami in hilly region and downwards.

Similarly, the people in Himalayan region rear Yak, Goats, Sheeps, and produce cheese which is exported to foreign countries. They also produce potato, millet, etc.

In the hilly region, people are more busy in trade, industry and service sectors. Kathmandu, Lalitpur, Bhaktapur, Banepa, Dhulikhel,etc. are some trade and industrial centres. Tourism is also flourishing here in destinations like Kathmandu, Lalitpur, Bhaktapur, Gosainkunda, Nagarkot, langtang region, Chitwan, etc. Also some people are involved in other sectors like fruit farming, vegetable farming in hilly region and cattle reading and medicinal herbs collection in Himalayan region.

So, in overall this region has a very nice socio-economic condition and is also pacing forward in the way of development rapidly. 

Why was Nepal divided into seven States? Write your opinion in six points.

Federalism

Federalism is a dual government system in which a country is divided into two sets of government: national government at the capital and provincial government at the local levels.

Following the same principle, to make a proportionate development, Nepal government also decided to divide Nepal into seven States. The reasons behind this are:-

1. To make a speedy, competitive and balanced development of the country

2. To decentralise the development, administrative power and authority in every nook and corner of the country

3. To utilize local means and resources within the federal state in effective and sustainable way

4. It avoids regional disparity, promotes unity and fraternity among the people.

5. It helps to make a smooth administration of the country through decentralisation

6. It also promotes participation of economically disadvantaged and deprived people like women, children, Dalits, madhesis and down trodden people.

Server and it's types

Definition of Server

A server is a computer or system that provides resources, data, services, or programs to other computers, known as clients over a network.

The different types of servers:-

1. Application Server

Application Server ( also known as middle ware) are present in between database and end user and occupy a large piece of computing territory.

2. Mail Server

Mail Server is an application that is used for receiving and sending the email over the internet.

3. Proxy Server

Proxy Server is a software that works as an intermediate between two end points and run on a computer. A user or a client requests a service to server via this proxy server.

4. Web Server

In the web server, all transfer is mediated by the browser. It is responsible for satisfying client requests on the WWW (World Wide Web ) 

5. Real time communication server

Real-Time communication server (also called chat server) works as a messaging server. Large number of users exchange their information by using this server.

Similarly, other types of servers are:-

6.FTP (File Transfer Protocol) server

7. Collaboration server

8. List server

9. Telnet server

10. Virtual server

11. Blade server

12. Open source server

13. Database server

14. Game server

15. Audio / Video server

16. IRC ( Internet Relay Chat) server

17. Catalog server

18. Computing server

19. Fax server

20. Printer server

21. News server

Some other people also come with a different approach while classifying server which is given below:-

1. Dedicated server

2. Shared dedicated server

3. Private server

4. Shared private server

5. Public server

6. Shared public server

Definition of Computer network with its advantages and disadvantages

Computer Network

Computer Network is defined as a set of interconnected autonomous systems that facilitate distributed processing of information. 

In a more simpler way, it is a set of computers connected together for the purpose of sharing resources.

The advantages of computer network are:-

1. Central storage of data

2. Anyone can connect to a computer network

3. Faster problem solving

4. Reliability

5. It is highly flexible

6. Security through authorization

7. It boosts storage capacity

The disadvantages of computer network are:-

1. It lacks robustness.

2. It lacks independence.

3. Virus and Malware

4. Cost of network

What is bounded and unbounded communication media?

Bounded and Unbounded Media

Bounded and unbounded media are the transmission media which is used to transfer data from one destination to another through its means.

Bounded media

The transmission media which uses wire to transmit the signal / data / information from one to another is known as bounded media. In a bounded medium, signals are confined to the medium and do not leave it. So, it is also known as guided media. The data transmission rate is  faster than the unbounded media. It is generally used to transmit data/information in a short distance. It uses twisted pair cable, coaxial cable, and fiber optic cable as transmission media. All the computer and devices are physically connected in Bounded media.

Unbounded Media

The transmission media which uses wireless to transmit data / information / signal from one to another is known as unbounded media. The data transmit rate is slower than the bounded media because signals are not confined in the medium. And so, it is also called unguided media. It is used for transmitting the data / signal / information for long distance. It uses radio wave / microwave / communication satellite as transmission media. All the computer and devices are not physically connected in this mechanism.

Explain about bandwidth with its unit.

Bandwidth is the maximum data transfer rate of a network or internet connection. It measures how much data can be sent over a specific connection in a given amount of time.

Mathematically, 

Bandwidth=Maximum data transfer / time taken

Bandwidth is expressed in bits per second (bps) or bytes per second in digital devices where as cycles per second or Hertz in analog devices. Similarly commonly used larger units for Bandwidth in digital devices are kilo bits per second (kbps), mega bits per second (Mbps) and Giga bits per second (Gbps).

Note: Bandwidth is often mistaken for internet speed when it's actually the volume of information that can be sent over a connection in a measured amount of time calculated in megabits per second (Mbps).

For more differences between Bandwidth and internet speed,

Click below

Differences between Bandwidth and Internet Speed

Differences between bandwidth and speed

Bandwidth is how much information you receive every second, while speed is how fast that information is received or downloaded. Lets compare it to filling a bath tub. If the bathtub faucet has a wide opening, more water can flow at a faster rate then if the pipe was narrower. Think of the amount of water received as the bandwidth and the rate which the water flows the speed.

Write about data communication mode with its types.

Data communication mode refers to the mechanism of transferring of data between two devices connected over a network. It defines the direction of the flow of information between two communication devices.

The types of data communication mode are:

1. Simplex

In this mode, data travels only in one direction (from A to B). For clarification, you can look at radio broadcasting, television broadcasting, etc. where data travels only in one direction. Other examples of Simplex are computer to printer communication and keyboard to computer connection, etc.

2. Half duplex

In this mode, data can travel in both direction but not at the Same time (i.e. one by one). Data travels only in one direction at a time. For eg. From A to B at first, then from B to A. Walkie Talkie is its perfect example.

3. Full-duplex

In this mode, data can travel in both directions at the same time. The present world is highly familiar with this mode and this is considered best among all three modes. Telephone and mobile phone communication is its best example.

Write any two differences between communication and telecommunication?

Communication and telecommunication sound a bit same but still there is a huge difference between these two terms. Among them, I am going to present two differences between communication and telecommunication here.

First of all, Communication is an exchange of information from one place to another place from one person to another person where as Telecommunication is also same but over a longer distance through a media where the media can be wired or wireless.

Similarly, the next point of difference is Communication occurs if there is exchange of information where as Telecommunication occurs only when the exchange of information between communication participants includes use of technology.

What are the advantages of modular programming?

Modular programming is a newer approach in the programming field. It is the process of dividing a main program into small modules where each module is a small program that performs only a specific task.

Some of the advantages of modular programming are:

1. It makes easy for the programmers to create a program.

2. If is easy to debug.

3. It is easy to demonstrate and document the program.

4. It is very easy to learn.

What is modular programming?

Modular programming is the process of dividing a main program into small modules where each module is a small program that performs only a specific task. Simply, it is the process of subdividing a computer program into separate sub programs where a module is a separate software component.

In a more formal way, modular programming is a software design technique that emphasizes separating the functionality of a program into independent, interchangeable modules such that each contains everything necessary to execute only ones aspect of  the desired functionality.