Meet links

 Section 11A

meet.google.com/edcdmynkjh

Section 11 B

meet.google.com/tapmhdtkfj

Section 11C

meet.google.com/sxajjevufp

Section !!D

meet.google.com/jpwjniturp

Troubler Ascender

 // To arrange entered numbers in ascending order

#include <stdio.h>

void swapper(int*,int*);

void ascender(int,int[]);

int main()

{ int i,values[6];

printf("Enter 5 numbers");

for(i=1;i<=5;i++){ scanf("%d",&values[i]);}

ascender(i,&values[0]);

printf("The ascending order of the numbers is");

for(i=1;i<=5;i++){ printf("%d ",values[i]);}}

void ascender(int i, int* values){

int j=0;

for (i=1;i<=4;i++){ 

for(j=1;j<=4;j++){

if (values[j+1]< values[j]){  swapper( &values[j],&values[j+1]); }}}}

void swapper(int *a,int *b){

int temp; temp=*b; *b=*a ; *a=temp;}

To find Circumcentre

 #include <stdio.h>

#include <conio.h>

int main()

{

int i;

int a,b;

int m,n;

int p,q;

int x,y;

printf("Program to calculate circumcentre of a triangle(Press Enter)");

getch();

printf("\nEnter the three vertices of the triangle");

scanf("%d%d",&a,&b);

scanf("%d%d",&m,&n);

scanf("%d%d",&p,&q);

for(x=0;x<=100;x++)

{

for(y=0;y<=100;y++)

{

if(   ( (x-a)*(x-a)+(y-b)*(y-b)== (x-m)*(x-m)+(y-n)*(y-n) )  &&   (   (x-a)*(x-a)+(y-b)*(y-b)== (x-p)*(x-p)+(y-q)*(y-q) )         )

{

printf("(%d,%d) is the circumcentre",x,y);

goto a;

}                                                        

}

continue;

a:

break;

}

}

206 Bones in Human Body

//Modular programming with names of bones

//Learning names of 206 bones with Prakash

#include <conio.h>

#include <stdio.h>

#include <stdlib.h>

#include <string.h>

#include <math.h>

/*80AxialBones,126AppendicularBones=206Bones*/

// Axial Skeleton //22skull,7other,51trunk=80

//skull //8cranium,14facial=22

void cranium(); //1Frontal,2Parietal,2Temporal,1Occipital,1Sphenoid,1Ethmoid=8

void facial(); //2Maxilla,1Mandible,2Zygomatic,2Lacrimal,2Palantine,2Nasal,1Vomer,2Inferior Nasal Conchae=14

//other //6earossicles,1=7

void earossicles(); //2*(1Malleus(Hammer),1Incus(Anvil),1Stapes(Stirrup))=6

void hyoid(); //1

//trunk //26veretebrae,25thoracicbone=51

void vertebrae(); //7Cervical vertebrae,12Thoracic vertebrae,5Lumbar vertebrae,1Sacrum,1Coccyx=26

void thoracicbone(); //12pairs of ribs,1sternum=25

//Appendicular Bone //64upperextremities,62lowerextremities=126

//Upper Extremities //4pectoral,60upperlimb=64

void pectoral(); //2*(1clavical,1scapula)=2

void upperlimb(); //2*(1Humerus,1radius,1ulna,8carpal,5metacarpal,14phalanges)=60

//Lower Extremities //2pelvic,60lowerlimb=62

void pelvic(); //1sacrum,1coccyx=2

void lowerlimb(); //2*(1Femur,1Patella,1Tibia,1Fibula,7Tarsal,5metatarsal,14phalanges)=60

void all();

int main()

{

int selecter;

char more[10];

printf("Hey, How are you? All fine?(Give an enter if you are)");

getch();

printf("\nToday I am going to help you with learning the skeletal system");

getch();

printf("\nWe have 206 bones in our body. So to make a systematic study we have to divide it into different types! Okay?");

getch();

a:

printf("\n\nHere are a lot of Sections and those sections are numbered. Which of the category do you want to study. Press the number associated with it.");

printf("\n1.Cranium\n2.Facial Bones \n3.Ear Ossicles\n4.Hyoid Bone\n5.Vertebrae\n6.ThoracicBone\n7.Pectoral Girdle\n8.UpperLimb\n9.PelvicGirdle\n10.LowerLimb\n11.AllBonesCounted");

scanf("%d",&selecter);

switch (selecter)

{

case 1:

cranium();

break;

case 2:

facial();

break;

case 3:

earossicles();

break;

case 4:

hyoid();

break;

case 5:

vertebrae();

break;

case 6:

thoracicbone();

break;

case 7:

pectoral();

break;

case 8:

upperlimb();

break;

case 9:

pelvic();

break;

case 10:

lowerlimb();

break;

case 11:

all();

break;

default:

printf("Error\n");

break;

}

printf("\n Do you want to learn more?(Write \"Y\" for Yes and \"N\"for No");

scanf("%s",more);

if (strcmp(strupr(more),"Y")==0)

{goto a;}

return 0;}

void cranium(){printf("\n1Frontal,2Parietal,2Temporal,1Occipital,1Sphenoid,1Ethmoid=8");}

void facial(){printf("\n2Maxilla,1Mandible,2Zygomatic,2Lacrimal,2Palantine,2Nasal,1Vomer,2Inferior Nasal Conchae=14");}

void earossicles(){printf("\n2*(1Malleus(Hammer),1Incus(Anvil),1Stapes(Stirrup))=6");}

void hyoid(){printf("\n1");}

void vertebrae(){printf("\n7Cervical vertebrae,12Thoracic vertebrae,5Lumbar vertebrae,1Sacrum,1Coccyx=26");}

void thoracicbone(){printf("\n12pairs of ribs,1sternum=25");}

void pectoral(){printf("\n2*(1clavical,1scapula)=4");}

void upperlimb(){printf("\n2*(1Humerus,1radius,1ulna,8carpal,5metacarpal,14phalanges)=60");}

void pelvic(){printf("\n1sacrum,1coccyx=2");}

void lowerlimb(){printf("\n2*(1Femur,1Patella,1Tibia,1Fibula,7Tarsal,5metatarsal,14phalanges)=60");}

void all(){printf("\n\t\t80Axial Bones,126AppendicularBones=206Bones");

printf("\n Axial Skeleton 22skull,7other,51trunk=80");

printf(" \nskull 8cranium,14facial=22");

printf("\n cranium 1Frontal,2Parietal,2Temporal,1Occipital,1Sphenoid,1Ethmoid=8");

printf("\n facial 2Maxilla,1Mandible,2Zygomatic,2Lacrimal,2Palantine,2Nasal,1Vomer,2Inferior Nasal Conchae=14");

printf(" \nother 6earossicles,1=7");

printf("\n earossicles 2*(1Malleus(Hammer),1Incus(Anvil),1Stapes(Stirrup))=6");

printf("\nhyoid 1");

printf(" \ntrunk 26veretebrae,25thoracicbone=51");

printf("\n vertebrae 7Cervical vertebrae,12Thoracic vertebrae,5Lumbar vertebrae,1Sacrum,1Coccyx=26");

printf("\n thoracicbone 12pairs of ribs,1sternum=25");

printf("\n");

printf("\n\n\n\t\tAppendicular Bone64upperextremities,62lowerextremities=126");

printf(" \nUpper Extremities \n4pectoral,60upperlimb=64");

printf("\n pectoral \n2clavical,2scapula=4");

printf("\n upperlimb \n2*(1Humerus,1radius,1ulna,8carpal,5metacarpal,14phalanges)=60");

printf(" \nLower Extremities \n2pelvic,60lowerlimb=62");

printf("\n pelvic \n1sacrum,1coccyx=2");

printf("\n lowerlimb \n2*(1Femur,1Patella,1Tibia,1Fibula,7Tarsal,5metatarsal,14phalanges)=60");

}

Facts

 #Bird's Eye View:

1. Largest Cell : Cell 2. Small Cell : PPLO (Pleuro Pneumonia Like Organism) also called Mycoplasm 3. Longest animal cell : Neurone (90-110 cm long) 4. Longest plant cell : Fiber of Boechmeria Nivea (55 cm) 5. Powerhouse of cell : Mitochondrion (plural of Mitochondria) 6. Suicidal bag of Cell : Lysosome 7. Protein Factory of Cell : Ribosome 8. Kitchen cell : Chloroplast 9. Bird only found in Nepal : Spiny Babbler 10. National Bird of Nepal : Lophoporous 11. National Flower of Nepal : Rhododendron 12. Chemical Messenger : Hormone 13. Biological Catalyst : Enzyme 14. Energy currency of a cell : ATP (Adenosine Tri Posphate) 15. Heredity vehicle : DNA (Dioxy ribonucleic Acid) 16. Largest Cell structure : Nucleus 17. Largest Cell organelles : Chloroplast (in plants) and Mitochondrion (in Animals) 18. Smallest Cell organelle : Ribosome 19. Universal Cell Organelle : Nucleus 20. Largest Animal Phylum : Arthropoda 21. Largest Animal Class : Insecta (Hexapoda) 22. Largest Plant Group : Angiosperm 23. Amphibian Plant : Bryophytes 24. Botanical Snake : Pteridophytes 25. Vascular Cryptogams : Pteridophytes 26. Bones and Muscles are connected by :Tendon 27. Bone and Bone are connected by : Ligaments 28. Heat insulating animal tissue : Adipose 29. Hardest part of vertebrates :Enamel on Teeth 30. Largest Gland in Body : Liver 31. Largest endocrine gland : Thyroid gland 32. Largest Bone : Femur 33. Smallest Bone : Stapes (in ear) 34. Largest Cartilage : Pinna 35. Largest Organ : Skin 36. Largest body Cavity : Abdominal Cavity 37. Largest blood Cell : Leukocytes (LUBC) 38. Universal receiver Blood group : AB 39. Universal donor Blood Group : O 40. Transfer of pollen grain from anther to stigma is called Pollination. 41. Some cold blooded animals (Poikilothermic animal) undergoes in inactive period at very low and high temperature sleep is called hibernation while summer sleep is called aestivation. 42. Warm blooded animals (Homoiothermic animals); Body temperature remains constant. They include aves and mammals. 43. RBCs of mammals like camel and llama have nucleus. 44. Excessive formation of WBC causes Blood Cancer. 45. Oviparous Mammals: Duck billed, Platypus and Spiny ant cater 46. Food Chain is start with producers. 47. Source of energy in ecosystem is Sun. 48. Global warming is caused by CO2 gas. 49. Ozone layer depletion is caused by CFC (Chloro-Fluro-Carbon). 50. Vermiform appendix is functional in herbivorous animals like cow and Buffalo. It helps to digest cellulose. 51. Some vestigial organs of man: Wisdom teeth (canine teeth, pinna etc). 52. Virus is considered as a biological puzzle. 53. Connecting link between plant and animal are euglena. 54. Water canal system is well developed in Porifera. 55. Water vascular system is well developed in Echinoderms. 56. Homologus organs: Organs having similar structure and origin but mostly having dissimilar function. For example hands of man, fore limbs of horse, wings of bat etc. 57. Analogous organs : Organs having similar function of dissimilar structure. For example: wings of birds, wings of insects. 58. Blood of earthworm is red, molluscans blue and Arthopodas white in color. 59. First established national park is Chitwan National Park. 60. Smallest National Park is Rara National Park. 61. Sagarmatha National Park is World Heritage National Park

C Program to extract the kingdom of an organism

 #include <conio.h>

#include <stdio.h>

#include <stdlib.h>

#include <math.h>

#include <string.h>

int main()

{

char organism[25],ans[10], result[10]="Y";

  printf("This is a program to know the kingdom of an organism. (Press Enter)");

getch();

printf("\nBut I need some hints from you while classifying them.(Press Enter)");

getch();

printf("\nI will ask you some Yes/No questions and you need to write \"Y\" for Yes and \"N\"for No.(Press Enter)");

getch();

printf("\nPress Space if you are okay with it.");

getch(); 

printf("\nEnter the name of an organism ");

scanf("%s",organism);

//Round 1

printf("Is %s Prokaryote?",organism);

scanf("%s",ans);

    if(strcmp(strupr(ans),result)==0)

{

printf("\nOur AI is pondering over the informations you supplied (Press Enter) ");

getch();

printf(" \n*********************************************************\n* Name:\t\t%s\n*Kingdom:\tMonera\n* Character:\tNon memberane bound cell organelles\n*********************************************************\n\n",organism);

}

else 

{//Round 2

printf("\nIs %s Unicellular?",organism);

scanf("%s",ans);

      if(strcmp(strupr(ans),result)==0)

{

printf("\nOur AI is pondering over the informations you supplied (Press Enter) ");

getch();

printf(" \n*********************************************************\n* Name:\t\t%s\n* Kingdom:\tProtista\n* Character:\tMicroscopic & membrane bound cell organelles\n*********************************************************\n\n",organism);

}

else

{//Round 3 

printf("\nIs %s Autotroph?",organism);

scanf("%s",ans);

    if(strcmp(strupr(ans),result)==0)

{

printf("\nOur AI is pondering over the informations you supplied (Press Enter) ");

getch();

printf(" \n*********************************************************\n* Name:\t\t%s\n* Kingdom:\tPlantae\n* Character:\tUsually Non motile and Photosynthetic\n*********************************************************\n\n",organism);

}

else 

{//Round 4

printf("\nIs %s Decomposer?",organism);

scanf("%s",ans);

    if(strcmp(strupr(ans),result)==0)

{

printf("\nOur AI is pondering over the informations you supplied (Press Enter) ");

getch();

printf(" \n*********************************************************\n* Name:\t\t%s\n* Kingdom:\tFungi\n* Character:\tConsumes dead organic matter\n*********************************************************\n\n",organism);

}

else 

{//Round 5

printf("\nIs %s consumer?",organism);

scanf("%s",ans);

    if(strcmp(strupr(ans),result)==0)

{

printf("\nOur AI is pondering over the informations you supplied (Press Enter) ");

getch();

printf(" \n*********************************************************\n* Name:\t\t%s\n* Kingdom:\tAnimalia\n* Character:\tMotile and most developed organism \n*********************************************************\n\n",organism);

}

else 

{printf("\nSorry!! The organism can't be classified as per the present rules and regulations of classification.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nReport Bug (Click here)");

}

}

}

}

}

printf("\nPress Enter to Close Program\n");

getch();

return 0;

}

 //C program to factorize an algebraic expression with coefficient of leading term 1 and degree 2

#include <stdio.h>

#include <conio.h>

#include <string.h>

#include <math.h>

#include <stdlib.h>

int main()

{

    

    int i,c[3],m[2],d=0,x,y,z;

    printf("Compare your equation with ax^2+bx+c and input the values for a, b and c\n");

    printf("input a"); scanf("%d",&c[1]);

    printf("input b"); scanf("%d",&c[2]);

    printf("input c"); scanf("%d",&c[3]);

    printf("The factors of (%d)x^2+(%d)x+(%d) are",c[1],c[2],c[3]);

    

    

    

    d=c[2]*c[2]-4*c[1]*c[3];

    x=pow(d,0.5);

    y=2*c[1];

    z= -1*c[2];

    m[1]=(z+x)/y;

    m[2]=(z-x)/y;

    

   for (i=1;i<=2;i++)

   {printf("(x");

     if(m[i]<0)

         {printf("+%d)",abs(m[i]));

         }

         else

         {    if (m[i]==0 )

                  { printf(")");

                  }

                  else

                  {printf("-%d)",m[i]);

                  }

         }

   }

   

    

    

    getch();

    return 0;

}

Advantages of wired and wireless media

Wireless media

1. Transmitting data over geographically diverse area
2. Far away places connection
3. For Many users

Wired media

1. Data security
2. Better network connection
3. No electromagnetic interference
4. Dedicated line syatem

Services of Network

Services of network

1. File service : upload and download file
2. Printing services : printing documents
3. Message services : sending and receiving emails and messages
4. Application services: software as service like esewa, khali, Google docs
5. Data base services: database sharing
6. Telnet service : remote login and team viewer
7. Web services: information sharing in web page and websites as if between two apps in a network

Types of Computer Network

Here we will discuss about types of computer network on the basis of their sizes. And the types are as follows:

1. LAN (LOCAL AREA NETWORK)
2. WAN (WIDE AREA NETWORK)
3. MAN (METROPOLITAN AREA NETWORK)
4. CAN (CAMPUS AREA NETWORK)
5. HAN ( HOME AREA NETWORK)

LAN 

LOCAL AREA NETORK

• Covers small area
• Mainly used for sharing  resource in offices or organizations
• Features

1. Limited for a short distance
2. Owned by a single organization
3. Data transmission rate is faster
4. It generally uses wired transmission media.

 MAN

METROPOLITAN AREA NETWORK

• Covers a district or a whole country
• Can be made by connecting LANs of different locations
• Uses both wired and wireless transmission media
• Features

1. Larger than LANs
2. Wired or wireless or both
3. Owned by a single or multiple organization
4. Data transmission rate slower than LAN
5. E.g.. telecom, traffic CCTV

WAN

WIDE AREA NETWORK

• largest computer network
• Not limited to a geographical location
• Interconnection of Network through out the world
• E.g.. internet
• Features

1. Large area 
2. Data transmission rate is slowest
3. Owned by multiple public organizations
4. Wireless communication 
5. Cheaper and easier

जुनेली रातमा जब म जुन हेर्छु

( गुरुहरू प्रति समर्पित )

जुनेली रातमा जब म जुन हेर्छु

तब मेरो मनमा तरह तरहका भावनाहरू उत्पन्न हुन थाल्छन् 

अनि सोच्छु,

"आहा, जुन त कति राम्रो है,

यस्तो अन्धकारमा पनि सारा पृथ्वीमा उज्यालो छरी रहेछ,

एक्लै यो सारा संसारमा प्रकाश पारी रहेछ

आहा, जुन त कति राम्रो है"

मन यस्तै सोची रहन्छ

अनि फेरी सोच्न थाल्छु

"जुन भन्दा पनि बढी प्रकाश छर्ने केही छ होला र?"

अनि दिन पार्ने सूर्यलाई सम्झन्छु

"एँ, अ त सूर्य त झनै चम्किलो हुन्छ नि है "

अनि फेरी विज्ञान सरले पढाएको सम्झन्छु 

"सूर्यभन्दा पनि धेरै ठुला र चम्किला ताराहरू हुन्छन् रे

तिनले धेरै प्रकाश गर्छन् रे "

अनि फेरी तिनैलाई मान्छु धेरै प्रकाश छर्ने चिज 

तर मन अझैँ सोचिरहन्छ अरू नै केही छ कि भनेर 

आखिर मन त हो रोक्न नै कहाँ सकिन्छ र?

अनि बल्ल मेरा मनमा आउनुहुन्छ सबै भन्दा बढी प्रकाश गर्नेवाला

मेरा गुरू

अनि उहाँलाई एकचोटी कोटी कोटी नमन व्यक्त गर्छु

मनैभरी उहाँप्रति श्रद्धाको भावना भरिएर आउँछ

अनुहारमा मुस्ककान छरिएर आउँछ

भित्रैबाट सम्मानको भावना जागेर आउँछ

मेरा गुरू प्रति

जब म जुनेली रातमा जुन हेर्छु

जुनेली रातमा जब म जुन हेर्छु

जुनेली रातमा जब म जुन हेर्छु

मेरा आँखा अगाडी झलझली मेरा गुरू आउनुहुन्छ

अनि म जुन हेर्छु

फेरी गुरू सम्झिन्छु

फेरी म जुन हेर्छु

फेरी गुरू सम्झिन्छु

अनि मनमनै गुरूलाई भन्छु

"गुरू,

हुन सक्छ यो जुन नभए,

अहिलेको यो जुनेली रात निष्पट्ट 

अन्धकार हुन्थ्यो होला,

तर हजुर नभए त दिन र रात दुवै अन्धकार हुन्थे नि गुरू,

गुरू,

यो जुन त अहिलेको समय रमाइलो बनाएर भोली बिहान लुकेर गईहाल्छ गुरू,

तर हजुरले दिएको ज्ञान त सधैँ उपयोगी रहिरहन्छ गुरू,

गुरुका बारेमा यस्तै भावनाहरू मनमा उत्पन्न भई रहन्छन्

जब म जुनेली रातमा जुन हेर्छु

जुनेली रातमा जब म जुन हेर्छु

जुनेली रातमा जब म जुन हेर्छु

गुरुलाई सेतो चक र कालो डस्टर लिई 

एउटा काखिमा किताब च्यापी

कक्षामा प्रवेश गर्दै गरेको सम्झन्छु

फेरी जुन हेर्छु

गुरू सम्झिन्छु

जुन हेर्छु

फेरी गुरू सम्झिन्छु

गुरू,

हामीले त हजुरलाई कहिल्यै राम्ररी हेरेनौँ

जहिल्यै गाली गर्नुहुन्छ भनेर मात्र सम्झियौँ

तर हजुरले हामीलाई कहिल्यै ज्ञान दिन छाड्नुभएन गुरु

आफू जलेर भएपनि हामीलाई उज्यालोमा राखिरहनु भयो

नयाँ कुरा सिकाइरहनु भयो

ज्ञानको प्रकाश छरीरहनु भयो

तपाईलाई कोटी कोटी नमन छ गुरू

अनि अनायासै मेरा हात जोडिन्छन्,

शिर झुक्छ,

अनि गुरुलाई मनैदेखि नमस्कार गर्छु

जब म जुनेली रातमा जुन हेर्छु

जुनेली रातमा जब म जुन हेर्छु

जुनेली रातमा जब म जुन हेर्छु

अनि गुरू देख्छु

फेरी जुन हेर्छु

फेरी गुरू देख्छु

जूनमा गुरूको अनुहार मुसुक्क मुस्कुराएको देख्छु

अनि देख्छु,

 "ओहो, सर हजुरका गाला त कुप्रिसकेको रहेछन्"

तर हजुरले हामीलाई कहिल्यै नकुप्रिने ज्ञानको

मल र जलले गोडमेल गर्नुभयो,

हुर्काउनुभयो, बढाउनुभयो

तब त म आज यसरी आफ्नै खुट्टामा उभिन सफल भए नि गुरू

गुरू,

हजुरले त म जस्ता हजारौँ विद्यार्थीको जीवनमा

उज्यालो छर्कनुभयो नि गुरू,

अनि जुन चम्किलो कि हजुर नि गुरू,

गुरू,

सूर्यको प्रकाश समेतले त उर्वर भूमिमा मात्र बिरुवा हुर्काउँछ

तर हजुरले त

हजारौँ सुक्खा जमिनलाई बगैँचा

बनाइदिनु भएको छ गुरू

अनि सुर्य चम्किलो कि हजुर नि गुरू

फेरी त्यो जुनमा गुरुको तस्वीर झल्झल्ती

आँखा अगाडी आईरहन्छ

अनि फेरी आँखा चिम्लेर गुरुलाई एकचोटी

ढोग गर्छु ।

त्यस पछि मनै त्यसै त्यसै हर्षित भईरहन्छ

ओठ त्यसै त्यसै मुस्कुराइरहन्छन्

चन्द्रमामा गुरुको मुस्कुराहटसँगै

मन रमाइरहन्छ

जब म जुनेली रातमा जुन हेर्छु

जुनेली रातमा जब म जुन हेर्छु

जुनेली रातमा जब म जुन हेर्छु

Natural Cause of Climate Change

Most climate changes are caused by very small changes in earth's orbit. A change in orbit can change the amount of energy our planet receives from the sun. 

Bandwidth

Bandwidth

• Data in digital computer system is represented in the form of bit ( binary digit).
• The amount of data ( amount of bits) that can be transmitted through a communication channel) during specific period of time is Bandwidth.
• The bandwidth in digital system is measured using the units bps (bits per second).
• Similarly, larger units are: 

                    Kbps: kilobits per second

                    Mbps: Megabits per second

• The bandwidth in analog system are measured using the unit hertz.

                      KHz: Kilo Hertz

                      MHz: Mega Hertz

                      GHz: Giga Hertz

• Some notes: 

Cable internet service (750MHz to 1000 MHz or 1 GHz)

Similarly, DSL and Satellite have high bandwidth connection

Note: Mb/s stands for Megabits per second

Whereas mb/s stands for millions of bits per second

Limited broadcasting and Direct broadcasting

Limited Broadcasting

This type of broadcasting allows you to send stream of packets to devices on the network cluster on which you residue.

Direct Broadcasting

This type of broadcasting allows you to send stream of packets to devices over the other network.

For more information about other types of casting, click below.

Different types of casting with examples and explanation

Differences between simplex and duplex mode of data transmission

Differences between Simplex and Duplex mode of data communication

S.N.	Simplex mode	Duplex Mode
1	It provides only one way communication.	It provides two way communication.
2	We cannot get feedback from the receiver in this mode of communication.	Receiver can get feedback about whether successful transmission has happened or not in duplex mode of communication.
3	It is cheaper in comparison.	It is costlier as it needs two separate channels for sending and receiving data.
4	It is comparatively slower as receiver has to wait for sender to finish the transfer of data as data transmission can only happen alternately.	It is faster as data transmission is simultaneous

For more information on simplex and duplex mode of communication click below:

Modes of data communication with explanation and examples

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Casting and it's types:- Unicast, Multicast and Broadcast

Casting

Casting is a variety of function that transmit or convert data.

These are three types of casting as given below:-

1. Unicast
2. Multicast
3. Broadcast

Unicast

Unicast is the term used to describe communication where a piece of information is sent from one point to another point where there is just one sender and one receiver . A unicast transmission is always meant for one receiving address. 

Some examples are:-

1. Radio and TV communication
2. Browsing a Website ( Webserver is the sender and your computer is the receiver)
3. Downloading a file from a FTP server ( FTP server is the sender and your computer is the receiver. )

Multicast Transmission

Multicast Transmission is both "one to many" and "many to many" technique which sends information from a single source to as many destinations as one expresses a specific interest in receiving it. 

Multicasting is the networking technique of delivering the same packet simulataneouly to a group of clients. 

It is useful if a group of clients require a common set of data at the same time. 

The majority of installed LANs (e.g.. ethernet), shared LANs (using hubs/repeaters),etc. support multicast transmission mode.

Example of multicast transmission mode are 

Multicast Windows Deployment Services (WDS)

OS Deployment traffic

UP TV, etc.

Broadcast Transmission

Broadcast transmission is the term used to describe communication where a piece of information is sent from one point to all other points. 

In this case, there is just one sender, but the information is sent to all connected receivers. 

Broadcast Transmission simultaneously transmits the same information to all nodes on a network. 

In Broadcast, there is only one sender and the data is sent only once. 

But the broadcast dat is delivered to all connected devices.

Broadcast communication is supported on most LANs (e.g.. Ethernet) and may be used to send the same message to all computers on the LAN.)

Television signals sent from a public network to viewers across the country or globe are the simple examples of broadcast transmission. 

Other examples:

ARP request message

DHCP DISCOVER Message

Broadcasting are also of two types:

1. Limited broadcasting 2. Direct broadcasting

Please click on the items to know about them.

Data transmission modes

Data transmission Modes

The way in which the data are transmitted from one location to another is called data transmission mode.

Simplex Mode

This mode allows data to transfer in only one way in only one direction. 

1. In simplex mode, data are transmitted in only one direction on the data communication medium.

2. A terminal can either send data and cannot receive it or it can only receive data but cannot send it

3. It is the cheapest communucation medium.

4. Transmission of data is not confirmed.

5. For e.g.. television, radio broadcasts, etc.

Half Duplex Mode

• In this mode, data can be transmitted in both directions but only in one direction at a time.
• During transmission of Data, one of the terminals is the transmitter and the other is receiver.
• Direction of data communication is reversed each time for sending and receiving data
• Transmission of the data can be confirmed.
• For e.g.. email, fax

Full Duplex Mode

• Data can be transmitted in both directions simultaneously at the same time
• It is the fastest mode of transmitting data as no time gets wasted in switching direction.
• Transmission of the data can be confirmed.
• E.g.. landline, mobile phones & computer

Similarly some other modes of data transmission are:-

TDD (Time Division Duplex)

FDMA ( Frequency Digital Multiple Access)

TDMA

CDMA

Higher level money exchange questions

Questions

1. It is given that £1 is equal to Rs. 155.63. If 2% commission should be paid to exchange Rs  500000 into Pound sterling, how much pound sterling can he receive? Find it.

Solution:

Let the exchange amount be X.

Commission amount =

= 2% of X

= 2/100 ×X

= X/50

By question, 

X/50 +X =500000

Or, 51X=500000×50

Or, X=490196.07 £

Amount of pound sterling received= 

=490196.07/155.53

=3149.75 £

Money exchange practice questions with answers

1. Using the rate of Rs. 110 per US dollar, calculate the US Dollars for RS. 11000.

Solution:

Given:

1$=Rs. 110

Rs 11000=X$

Using chain rule,

Or, 1×11000=110×X

Or, 11000/110=X

Or, X=100$

.•. Rs. 11000=100$

2. If 1000 yen=Rs.984 then convert 550000 yen into Rupees.

Solution:

Given:

Rs. 984=1000yen

550000=Rs. X

Using chain rule,

Or, 984×550000=1000×X

Or, 984×(550000/1000)=X

Or, 984×550=X

.•. X= Rs. 5,41,200

3. If 1 Swiss Franc=Rs 108.33 then find the Swiss franc for Rs. 32499.

Solution:

Given:

1 Swiss franc =Rs.108.33

Rs. 32499= X Swiss Franc

Using chain rule,

1 Swiss franc × Rs 32499=Rs. 108.33 × X Swiss Franc

Or, 32499/108.33= X

Or, X=300 Swiss Franc

Now there are some practice questions for you.

Answer key:

Concept of health , population and environment education

Health, population and environment education is a multidisciplinary subject.

The subject matter related with various aspects of human  life becomes the scope of this subject.

There are different aspects of this subject as given below.

1. Physical Aspect: It includes natural and man made things, natural physical aspects like air, water, temperature, soil, rocks, etc. As well as buildings, bridges, roads, hospitals, industries, schools, etc. These physical aspects have a great influence on human life and their survival.

2. Biological Aspects

Various aspects of health, population and environment are influenced by the biological factors of the environment. The degree of quality of life is determined by the richness of biological resources of that place. Besides that, biological aspect contributes to maintain sound health and keep the environment clean and healthy.  It helps to improve living standard of the people through proper utilization of the biological resources in various sectors like agriculture, industries, trade and other socioeconomic sectors.

3. Sociocultural aspect

People have created social and cultural norms, values as well as rules and regulations. Social customs, traditions, rituals, festivals, and religious practice are some examples of sociocultural aspects. Different aspects of health, population and environment are interrelated with sociocultural aspects. The customs, festivals, religious practices, food habits and way of living affect the health and environment.

4.Economic Aspect

The economic aspect is directly related with various aspects of Health, population and environment. All areas of health, population, and environment will be adversely affected by the poor economic condition of the nation. All kinds of economic activities depend upon the environment. For e.g.. It helps to boost the economic status of the family, community and the nation. On the other hand, poor economic condition spoils the health and productivity of the people.

5. Science and Technological aspect

Science and Technology are the outcomes of human innovation. They are the significant means of the development process. It has made the world a small place and human life productive and comfortable. There is unbelievable development in the field of medicine, Communication, transportation, education or conservative sectors with the utilization of benefits .

6. Political aspects

It includes the plans and policies launched by the high political level or administration. Political will and honesty help to improve the condition of Health, population and environment of the nation.

7. Psychological aspect

It represents the feeling, attitude, understanding and behaviour of the individuals and they are directly related to health, population and environment education. Programs and policies cannot be effective until and unless people are willing to participate from their heart. 

Now here is question for you.

Q. Introduce the different aspects of health, population and environment education in short.