Why was Nepal divided into seven States? Write your opinion in six points.

Federalism

Federalism is a dual government system in which a country is divided into two sets of government: national government at the capital and provincial government at the local levels.

Following the same principle, to make a proportionate development, Nepal government also decided to divide Nepal into seven States. The reasons behind this are:-

1. To make a speedy, competitive and balanced development of the country

2. To decentralise the development, administrative power and authority in every nook and corner of the country

3. To utilize local means and resources within the federal state in effective and sustainable way

4. It avoids regional disparity, promotes unity and fraternity among the people.

5. It helps to make a smooth administration of the country through decentralisation

6. It also promotes participation of economically disadvantaged and deprived people like women, children, Dalits, madhesis and down trodden people.

Server and it's types

Definition of Server

A server is a computer or system that provides resources, data, services, or programs to other computers, known as clients over a network.

The different types of servers:-

1. Application Server

Application Server ( also known as middle ware) are present in between database and end user and occupy a large piece of computing territory.

2. Mail Server

Mail Server is an application that is used for receiving and sending the email over the internet.

3. Proxy Server

Proxy Server is a software that works as an intermediate between two end points and run on a computer. A user or a client requests a service to server via this proxy server.

4. Web Server

In the web server, all transfer is mediated by the browser. It is responsible for satisfying client requests on the WWW (World Wide Web ) 

5. Real time communication server

Real-Time communication server (also called chat server) works as a messaging server. Large number of users exchange their information by using this server.

Similarly, other types of servers are:-

6.FTP (File Transfer Protocol) server

7. Collaboration server

8. List server

9. Telnet server

10. Virtual server

11. Blade server

12. Open source server

13. Database server

14. Game server

15. Audio / Video server

16. IRC ( Internet Relay Chat) server

17. Catalog server

18. Computing server

19. Fax server

20. Printer server

21. News server

Some other people also come with a different approach while classifying server which is given below:-

1. Dedicated server

2. Shared dedicated server

3. Private server

4. Shared private server

5. Public server

6. Shared public server

Definition of Computer network with its advantages and disadvantages

Computer Network

Computer Network is defined as a set of interconnected autonomous systems that facilitate distributed processing of information. 

In a more simpler way, it is a set of computers connected together for the purpose of sharing resources.

The advantages of computer network are:-

1. Central storage of data

2. Anyone can connect to a computer network

3. Faster problem solving

4. Reliability

5. It is highly flexible

6. Security through authorization

7. It boosts storage capacity

The disadvantages of computer network are:-

1. It lacks robustness.

2. It lacks independence.

3. Virus and Malware

4. Cost of network

What is bounded and unbounded communication media?

Bounded and Unbounded Media

Bounded and unbounded media are the transmission media which is used to transfer data from one destination to another through its means.

Bounded media

The transmission media which uses wire to transmit the signal / data / information from one to another is known as bounded media. In a bounded medium, signals are confined to the medium and do not leave it. So, it is also known as guided media. The data transmission rate is  faster than the unbounded media. It is generally used to transmit data/information in a short distance. It uses twisted pair cable, coaxial cable, and fiber optic cable as transmission media. All the computer and devices are physically connected in Bounded media.

Unbounded Media

The transmission media which uses wireless to transmit data / information / signal from one to another is known as unbounded media. The data transmit rate is slower than the bounded media because signals are not confined in the medium. And so, it is also called unguided media. It is used for transmitting the data / signal / information for long distance. It uses radio wave / microwave / communication satellite as transmission media. All the computer and devices are not physically connected in this mechanism.

Explain about bandwidth with its unit.

Bandwidth is the maximum data transfer rate of a network or internet connection. It measures how much data can be sent over a specific connection in a given amount of time.

Mathematically, 

Bandwidth=Maximum data transfer / time taken

Bandwidth is expressed in bits per second (bps) or bytes per second in digital devices where as cycles per second or Hertz in analog devices. Similarly commonly used larger units for Bandwidth in digital devices are kilo bits per second (kbps), mega bits per second (Mbps) and Giga bits per second (Gbps).

Note: Bandwidth is often mistaken for internet speed when it's actually the volume of information that can be sent over a connection in a measured amount of time calculated in megabits per second (Mbps).

For more differences between Bandwidth and internet speed,

Click below

Differences between Bandwidth and Internet Speed

Differences between bandwidth and speed

Bandwidth is how much information you receive every second, while speed is how fast that information is received or downloaded. Lets compare it to filling a bath tub. If the bathtub faucet has a wide opening, more water can flow at a faster rate then if the pipe was narrower. Think of the amount of water received as the bandwidth and the rate which the water flows the speed.

Write about data communication mode with its types.

Data communication mode refers to the mechanism of transferring of data between two devices connected over a network. It defines the direction of the flow of information between two communication devices.

The types of data communication mode are:

1. Simplex

In this mode, data travels only in one direction (from A to B). For clarification, you can look at radio broadcasting, television broadcasting, etc. where data travels only in one direction. Other examples of Simplex are computer to printer communication and keyboard to computer connection, etc.

2. Half duplex

In this mode, data can travel in both direction but not at the Same time (i.e. one by one). Data travels only in one direction at a time. For eg. From A to B at first, then from B to A. Walkie Talkie is its perfect example.

3. Full-duplex

In this mode, data can travel in both directions at the same time. The present world is highly familiar with this mode and this is considered best among all three modes. Telephone and mobile phone communication is its best example.